Impulse and Momentum Calculator

Impulse and Momentum

Impulse describes how force applied over time changes an object's motion. Momentum is mass times velocity. The impulse-momentum theorem links contact forces in collisions, sports impacts, and vehicle crashes.

Formulas

$$J = F \Delta t = m \Delta v$$ $$p = m v$$

Impulse $J$ equals the change in momentum. Average force times contact duration produces the same impulse as mass times velocity change.

Practical Notes

Longer contact time reduces peak force for the same momentum change, which is why crumple zones and padding reduce injury risk. Use consistent SI units: kilograms, meters per second, newtons, and seconds.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is impulse?

Impulse is the product of force and the time interval over which it acts. It measures how much an object's momentum changes.

How is momentum different from impulse?

Momentum is a state of motion (mass times velocity). Impulse is the change in momentum caused by a force over time.

Can I use negative velocities?

Yes. Sign indicates direction. Velocity change can be negative if the object slows or reverses.

When should I use force and time mode?

Use it when you know average impact force and contact duration, such as from crash tests or measured collision intervals.

Does this assume constant force?

The force-time mode uses average force over the contact interval. Real forces vary, but average values give useful impulse estimates.

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Impulse and Momentum Calculator