Magnetic Permeability Calculator

Magnetic Permeability

Permeability describes how a material responds to a magnetic field. It links the magnetic flux density $B$ inside a material to the applied magnetic field strength $H$.

Formulas

$$B = \mu H$$ $$\mu_r = \frac{\mu}{\mu_0}$$ $$\chi = \mu_r - 1$$

$\mu$ is absolute permeability (henries per meter), $\mu_0 = 4\pi \times 10^{-7}$ H/m is the permeability of free space, $\mu_r$ is relative permeability, and $\chi$ is magnetic susceptibility.

Material Types

Diamagnetic materials have $\mu_r$ slightly less than 1. Paramagnetic materials have $\mu_r$ slightly greater than 1. Ferromagnetic materials like iron have $\mu_r$ much greater than 1 and can form permanent magnets.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the permeability of free space?

$\mu_0 = 4\pi \times 10^{-7}$ H/m. It is the permeability of a vacuum and the reference for relative permeability.

How is susceptibility related to permeability?

Magnetic susceptibility $\chi = \mu_r - 1$. Positive $\chi$ indicates paramagnetism; negative $\chi$ indicates diamagnetism.

What is the difference between B and H?

$H$ is the applied magnetic field strength from external sources. $B$ is the total flux density inside the material, including magnetization effects.

What units should I use?

Enter $B$ in teslas and $H$ in amperes per meter. The calculator returns $\mu$ in H/m and dimensionless $\mu_r$ and $\chi$.

Can permeability be less than $\mu_0$?

Yes. Diamagnetic materials have $\mu < \mu_0$ and $\mu_r < 1$, meaning they weakly repel external magnetic fields.

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Magnetic Permeability Calculator